Showing 196 results

Letter from Fr Torquatus Armellini SJ, writing from the American College in Rome, to the Irish Fr Provincial Nicholas Walsh SJ. Declines, with thanks, the latter's ‘offering’. Refers to events in Rome, and reports that the Fr General and others will not leave the country ‘till they see what can be done and where they may settle themselves.’ Announces that he is to stay in Rome for some time ‘for the communications with the Propaganda &c.’. Asks Fr. Walsh to send faculties to him to distribute.

Document issued on behalf of Pope Pius IX, confirming the cult of Blessed Peter Faber SJ. (In Latin).

Letter from Fr George Lambert SJ, writing from the Gesù in Rome, to Irish Fr Provincial Nicholas Walsh SJ. Writes to the latter at the request of the Fr General to draw the attention of Fr Walsh ‘to the great importance of avoiding anything which might give the Engl. Government a pretext to quarrel with us’. Adds that the prospects of the Society retaining their houses and churches decrease every day.

Letter from Fr George Lambert SJ, writing from the Gesù in Rome, to Irish Fr Provincial Nicholas Walsh SJ. Reports that the Gesù was taken over by officials of the Giunta. Encloses a protest that was read and handed in by Fr Armellini (included; in Italian), and states that the residents are to vacate the building on 3 November.

Letter from Fr Torquatus Armellini SJ, writing from Rome, to the Irish Fr Provincial Nicholas Walsh SJ. Refers to a portrait of Fr John Ffrench SJ, and undertakes to send it to Fr Walsh.

Letter from Fr Torquatus Armellini SJ, writing from Rome, to the Irish Fr Provincial Nicholas Walsh SJ. Refers to the latter’s request for a German or Italian professor. Explains that, with the scholastics out of the Roman College, ‘double professors are required’, and that many have been sent elsewhere. Undertakes to send to Fr Walsh the portrait of Fr. Ffrench ‘in oil colours and with pensil [sic]’. Reports that the previous day they had a procession in the Church of St. Ignatius ‘to place the body of the Bd John Berchmans in the new shrine’. Encloses a photograph of a painting by Gagliardi Junior ‘and offered by F. Rossi to the Augustinian Father who delivered the panegyric of the Bd Peter at the Gesù’.

Letter from Fr John Ffrench SJ, writing the Gesù, Rome, to Fr Kelly SJ. Refers to a visit made by Cardinal Cullen to Rome, and apologises for not having brought up a matter which Fr Kelly wished him to raise with the Cardinal.

Letter from Fr Torquatus Armellini SJ, writing from Rome, to the Irish Fr Provincial Nicholas Walsh SJ. Refers to the proposal to establish the Irish Messenger. Also makes reference to a request for a dispensation on behalf of a priest who wished to enter the Society. Announces that Fr John Ffrench SJ is very sick, and that he is to receive the last sacraments soon. Reports on the political situation in Rome, and the threat of suppression that faces the Society.

Letter from Fr Torquatus Armellini SJ, writing from Rome, to the Irish Fr Provincial Nicholas Walsh SJ. Refers to a letter from the latter, the subject of which Fr Armellini has communicated to the Fr General. Expresses the hope that Fr Walsh has by now received the painting and drawing of Fr Ffrench, by way of Miss Fleming. Adds that ‘[t]he professor shall not be sent’ until word comes from Fr. Walsh. Encloses small photographs of the portrait (not included). Contains note written by Fr Walsh regarding the content of the letter.

Letter from Fr Torquatus Armellini SJ, writing from the American College in Rome, to the Irish Fr Provincial Nicholas Walsh SJ. Acknowledges the receipt of the latter's letter, with enclosures, of 24 November. States that he has not yet heard of the arrival of Dr Conroy. Refers to events in Rome, and to a decree which deprived the Society of its houses and churches there. Also laments the effects of the situation on the Catholic schools.

Circular from Fr Paul Pierling SJ. An account of the confiscation of the Gesú by the Italian government.

Letter from Fr Alfred Weld SJ, writing from the Gesù in Rome, to Irish Fr Provincial Nicholas Walsh SJ. Reports on the takeover of the Gesù by the Giunta, and states that the house is to be used as offices for the Artillery, Infantry and Cavalry. Refers to effect these events are having on the Fr General, and reports on the exodus of the residents from the house. Announces that he and Fr. Lambert are going to the English College. Refers also to the Roman College and the South American College. Refers to confusion in relation to the Pope’s rights over the Observatory. Reports that the Fr General gave him a letter from Fr Walsh, in which he refers to ‘the house in Stephen's Green’, and declares himself to be glad that Fr Walsh has accepted it, and hopes that ‘an energetic man devoted to study’ will be appointed as head.

Letter from Fr Torquatus Armellini SJ, writing from the American College in Rome, to the Irish Fr Provincial Nicholas Walsh SJ. Thanks the latter for the money order which he enclosed in his last letter. Discusses the matter of the payment of stipendia for masses. Refers to the suspension of the sale of a farm belonging to the Irish College in Rome. Reports that the Pope had made a decree in relation to the Venerable Fr. Antony Baldinucci SJ, saying that he ‘possessed the theological and cardinal virtues in grada heroico’. Asks Fr Walsh to communicate to him details in relation to the proposed painting of Blessed Peter Faber, and asks where it is to be sent. Reports that the Fr General is in Fiesole at present.

Letter from Fr Alfred Weld SJ, writing from Fiesole, to Irish Fr Provincial Nicholas Walsh SJ. Confirms that the letters which the latter referred to had arrived, and refers to the travel plans of Fr Kelly and Fr. Mathew. Also refers to Dr Ricard's mission in England. Reports on a dispute with the Bishop of Salford (Herbert Vaughan) in relation to the opening of a school of the Society in Manchester. Gives an account of his own visit to Rome, including his attendance at a dinner in the Irish College on St. Patrick’s Day. Remarks that they have heard nothing from Milltown since coming to Fiesole. Refers to the success of the new Master of Novices.

Letter from Fr Alfred Weld SJ, writing from Collegio Romano, Rome, to Irish Fr Provincial Nicholas Walsh SJ. Reports that the Fr General has decided to help Dr Ricard with his college; asks Fr Walsh to find someone to take charge of it, and who would be competent to teach philosophy and theology in ‘a new colonial establishment’. Expresses his admiration for Bishop Ricard and his satisfaction at the thought of a new foreign mission. Refers to the problems with the Bishop of Salford and the opening of a school in Manchester.

Letter from Fr Alfred Weld SJ, writing from Collegio Romano, Rome, to Irish Fr Provincial Nicholas Walsh SJ. Reports that he met Cardinal Cullen while in Rome, and adds that he has heard that the latter had written a letter to Rome critical of the Jesuits in ‘the Manchester affair’, which was settled in favour of the Bishop of Salford. Refers to Dr Ricards’ mission in South Africa. Sends his correspondent two prospectuses of Fr Garrucci’s work on ancient Christian Art. Admits that he had no opportunity of speaking to Fr Angelini in relation to Blessed Berchman's letter. Undertakes to put his correspondent’s letter before the Fr General, and gives his opinion on the opening of letters in the colleges of the Society, and the allowing of scholastics to go out alone. Suggests that his correspondent should send his boys and scholastics to take degrees at the London University.

Circular from Fr General Beckx on the subject of the controversy regarding the Jesuit school in Manchester, England.

Handwriten letter by Fr General Beckx to Irish Fr Provincial Nicholas Walsh SJ.

Letter from Fr Torquatus Armellini SJ, writing from Rome, to the Irish Fr Provincial Nicholas Walsh SJ. Discusses faculties for Masses and confraternities.

Printed letter from Fr General Beckx to Fr Provincial Aloysius Sturzo SJ where he describes his visit to Leo XIII.

Handwritten copy of printed letter from Fr General Beckx to Fr Provincial Aloysius Sturzo SJ where he describes his visit to Leo XIII.

‘Extract from an address of the Very Rev. Fr. General.’ Translation of extracts from notes taken of the Father General's address to the pilgrims of the ‘Jeunesse catholique française’ in Rome. Refers to the difficult situation in France, and to the responsibilities of the youth of France in the face of religious persecution. Also speaks of the importance of the Colleges in defending against error.

'Avvisi pè i Novisi di S. Andrea di Roma. Qui spernit modica paulatim decidet.' Italian novitiate custom book with stamp of 'Tullabeg College' on the first page. With index. Found in the SJ Library of St. Stanislaus' College, Tullabeg, the book was probably brought back from Sicily/southern Italy early last century.

Printed letter from Fr General Beckx to all Jesuit priests and brothers. Announces his handing over of authority to Fr Anton Marie Anderledy SJ, his permanent Vicar General. (Printed; in Latin).

Letter from D. J. O'Connell, American College, Rome to Fr William Ronan SJ, Mungret College, Limerick concerning expenses paid by Bishop Moore on behalf of a student in Mungret.

Typescript copies of correspondence concerning Mungret College following Fr William Ronan's return from his fund-raising tour of America, by Fr Thomas Morrissey SJ.

Letter from Fr Peter Joseph Chandlery SJ, writing from Rome, to Fr Alfred Murphy SJ. Refers to the Sodality of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which was erected and aggregated by the Father General on 1 March 1895. Also refers to Fr Kenny's visit to Rome.

List of documents relating to the Irish College in Rome and other Irish Colleges in Europe, typed up by Fr John Hungerford Pollen SJ, with some seen by Fr Edmund Hogan SJ.

List of Jesuits at Vatican I: bishops, theologians etc.

Letter from the Archbishop of Sydney, Patrick Cardinal Moran, The Irish College, Rome to Irish Fr Provincial James Murphy SJ concerning the change of the site of the Jesuit's High School from it's present site to North Sydney.

Admission ticket for a papal audience. Issued by the ‘Anticamera Pontifica al Vaticano’; states that Fr John Conmee is to be admitted to an audience with the Pope on Friday 1 May 1903. Includes regulations for those attending papal audiences in relation to dress and behaviour.

[Copy] letter from Fr John Conmee SJ in Rome to a ‘Mr. Keogh’, thanking him for sending Fr Conmee some shamrock for St. Patrick’s day. Also remarks ‘I am…beginning to long for a sight of old Erin and dear old Gardiner Street, and Father Bannon’s righthand man and coadjutor, Mr. Keogh. I saw the Holy Father for the third time yesterday…He is the most good natured man you ever saw, full of simplicity and holiness and warm heartedness; and he was greatly interested in all we were doing in the Church. I am glad you report so favourably of Father Bannon’s health. All the same I think it would do him good to have a change after his many colds and bronchitis.’

Letter from Fr John Conmee SJ, writing from Rome, Italy to Fr Potter in St Francis Xavier's, Upper Gardiner Street, Dublin. Gives an account of his private audience with the Pope that morning, at which they discussed Gardiner Street, Jesuit missions in Ireland, and the sodalities.

Notes on the Irish Colleges by Fr Edmund Hogan SJ, which includes reference to Jesuits at Salamanca, Seville, Lisbon, Rome and Santiago de Compostela, 1595-1767.

Copies of letters and postcards written by Fr John Conmee SJ to his sister ‘Maggie’. Includes copy of letter describing his visit to Rome and audience with the Pope (6 Feb. 1905, 1p.) and copies of notes written during his final illness.

Proposal, written in Latin [and submitted to Fr General in Rome] concerning the establishment of 'Studies'.

‘Animadversiones in Relationes pro Studiis Scholasticorum Ordinanis pro Provinciis Angliae et Hiberniae.’ Regulations issued by the Fr General in relation to the studies of scholastics in the English and Irish Provinces. (In Latin).

Synopsis historiae Societatis Jesu: pro nostris tantum. Typis Friderici Pustet, Ratisbonae, 1914.
Edited by Ludwig Schmitt, based on an earlier work edited by Franz Xavier Wernz

Copy of a document from Rome concerning studies in the Chinese language for Jesuit Missioners.

Notes by Fr John MacErlean SJ for a lecture on the Irish College in Rome (not delivered).

Copy of a letter from the Vicar Apostolate of Hong Kong, Enrico Valtorta to [ ] (not a Jesuit but somebody in Rome) concerning the Chinese mission. Remarks that the Irish Jesuits would be advised to take on a hostel or a college or both and revive the publication 'Rock'. Remarks that men are available to go to China. Suggests that some Irish Jesuits should be sent to study Chinese in the Benedictine University in Peking prior to teaching in the Jesuit college in Hong Kong.

A telegram from Pope Pius XI to Fr Patrick Barrett SJ, Director of Retreats at Rathfarnham Castle, Dublin, blessing all those making a retreat at Rathfarnham. In Latin.

Copy of a letter from Irish Fr Provincial John Fahy SJ, St Francis Xavier's, Upper Gardiner Street, Dublin to Fr Assistant concerning the financial relations of the two schools, Lay and Apostolic, at Mungret.

A file of notes compiled by Fr John MacErlean SJ on the history of the Irish College in Rome.

Letter from Fr General Wlodimir Ledochowski SJ, Rome to Irish Fr Provincial John Fahy SJ concerning Studies and other matters relating to formation.

Timetable of religious services etc. in the Chiesa del Gesù, Rome, on days [dedicated] to the sacred missions: ‘Orario delle funzioni che hanno luogo nella Ven. Chiesa del Gesù nei giorni destinati alle sacre missioni.’

Copies of Irish ‘Informationes’ transcribed from the ‘Codex Novitiorum’ and ‘Informationes Novitiorum’ kept at Galloro, Roman Province. Sent with covering letter (12 February 1933, 1p) by Fr Denis Nerney SJ to Fr John MacErlean SJ. Includes ‘Informationes Novitiorum Hib. S.J. in Tirocino Romano, 1826 - 1841’ (in Italian, 6pp) and extracts from the Codex Novitiorum, 1565 – 1586 (in Latin, 7pp).

Notes compiled by Fr John MacErlean SJ entitled 'Odd Papers and Notes from Rome and Spain.'

Typed list containing the numbers of people who left the Society of Jesus. A breakdown of numbers for each Province is also provided.

Letter from Br Philip G Sullivan SJ, Borgo S. Spirito, Rome to Irish Fr Provincial Laurence Kieran SJ concerning Mgr. Gee Piu's visit to Rome and Ireland.

Statement (in Latin) issued by the Vatican to Religious Orders concerning the Sacred Congregation for Seminaries and University Studies.

Certificate awarding Doctor in Philosophy to Fr Patrick Joy SJ.

Photocopy of an article published in The Standard entitled 'Scots, Spanish, Irish.'

Offprint of an article published in the Irish Ecclesiastical Record by Frs. B. Egan, C. Giblin, C. McGrath OFM entitled 'Irish Students Ordained in Rome (1625 - 1710)'.

Document concerning new regulations on the type of apostolate work being carried out in China. The document was circulated at a General Congregation of the Society.

Copy of a letter from Fr John Hannon SJ (English Assistant) to Fr General seeking permission for Fr Patrick Joy SJ (Superior of the mission) to sell property in Hong Kong. The permission was granted.

Report by Fr Patrick Joy SJ (Superior of the Hong Kong mission) on interviews he had in Rome with various officials concerning the future of the Hong Kong mission.

Typed and handwritten manuscript with corrections by Fr Joseph E. Canavan SJ describing how the Jesuits elect their General.

Letter from Fr John Hannon SJ, Rome written in Italian containing the signatures of all the Fathers in the Curia Generalizia. A note attached (written by Fr John R. MacMahon SJ) remarks that the letter is probably unique.

Copy of a letter from Fr John Hannon SJ (English Assistant), Rome to Fr Patrick Joy SJ (Superior of the mission) concerning the Hong Kong mission. Encloses a copy of a letter from Fr General to Fr Hannon raising a number of points about the work of the Hong Kong mission.

Diary kept by Fr Joseph Canavan SJ, detailing his time in Rome (who he met, where he went) during the General Congregation 29, (6 September 6 - 23 October 1946) as a representative of the Irish Province,

Pamphlet regarding the Gregorian University in Rome.

Visit of Mondragone party which included three priests, two scholastics and sixteen pupils of the Collegio Nobile of Mondragone, Frascati, Italy and Jesuits including Frs Sean McCarron (Superior of Manresa), Denis P. Kennedy (Rector of Belvedere College), Peader McSeaumais (Belvedere College) and Laurence Kearns(Minster of Manresa), on pier in Dublin Bay, 7 August 1950;

Visit of Mondragone party which stayed at Manresa - included three priests, two scholastics and sixteen pupils of the Collegio Nobile of Mondragone, Frascati, Italy and Jesuits( including front row, l-r: Mr Delmirari J, Sigior Bellegamba (Italian Legation), Fr. Alberico Grass SJ. Fr Denis P. Kennedy SJ (Rector of Belvedere College), Mr Waldron (Dept. of External Affairs), Fr Chile DJ, Fr Bondani SJ, Fr Laurence Kearns SJ (Minister Manresa). Back row: Mr Phelan, Mr Mooney, Fr Sean McCarron SJ (Superior Manresa), Fr Charles Byrne SJ (Belvedere College), [ ], Fr Peader McSeaumais SJ (Belvedere College) and [ ], at Manresa, Dollymount 9 August 1950;

Copy of newspaper cutting from ‘The Catholic Weekly’ reporting on Fr Daniel O'Connell’s appointment as Director of the Vatican Observatory.

A file relating to an article written by Fr Patrick Gannon SJ in the 'Irish Ecclesiastical Record' supporting a fellow Jesuit's interpretation of a passage in St. Mark. This article sparked a controversy as Fr Gannon's views were disagreed with by Cardinal MacRory (and other eminent scripture scholars). Includes a letter from Fr John R MacMahon SJ (Fr Provincial), St Francis Xavier's, Upper Gardiner Street, Dublin to Fr Byrne SJ concerning the controversy. Remarks 'In reply to a letter from Fr Gannon, I wrote to him to say that I could not allow him to pursue the discussion about St. Mark III, 20 - 21 any further…that I would not approve of his seeking an interview with the Cardinal; that he might write to the Cardinal, but that I would have to see a draft of the letter beforehand.' Remarks that he received a reply from Fr Gannon and includes a passage from the letter describing it thus 'He is taking a most extravagant view of the situation.' (15 April 1945, 1p). Includes a copy of a letter from Fr Provincial (Fr MacMahon SJ) concerning a letter Fr Gannon wishes to write to Cardinal MacRory regarding the difference of opinion between the two men. Remarks 'Let me assure you (and I wish I could convince you) that you are taking far too tragic a view of the whole business. If you could put it out of your mind for a month, you would, I am confident, take a more tranquil view of things.' (26 January 1945, 1p). It would appear from the file that Fr Gannon was not able to put the matter out of his mind and that it was only as a result of his death in 1953 that the matter was laid to rest. It would also appear that Fr Gannon's view was gaining some support amongst scripture scholars when he died.

Article by Rev. John Hanly published in the Proceedings of the Irish Catholic Historical Committee entitled 'Sources for the History of the Irish College, Rome', read at the Conferecne on Diocesan and Local History, Ester 1963, and reprinted from the Irish Ecclesiastical Record.

Documents relating to Fr Michael Fitzgerald SJ compiled by Fr Hugh Fenning, O.P. (Collegio S. Clemente, Via Labicana, Rome), for Fr Francis Finegan SJ. Includes letter from Fr Fenning to Fr Franics Finegan SJ (13 April 1966), 2pp) and enclosed ‘References to Michael Fitzgerald SJ in the archives of San Clemente, Rome’ (n.d., 3pp).

Photocopy of a postcard from Fr Fergal McGrath SJ, Rome, Italy to his niece Sr Marie Hilary, St Vincent's Hospital, St Stephen's Green, Dublin concerning his visit to the sanctuary of Our Lady of Graces and St Maria Goretti.

File of mission material relating to Fr Gerald Lawlor SJ. Includes correspondence between Fr Lawlor and Fr Thomas Martin SJ, Mission Office, Upper Gardiner Street, Dublin.

Catalogus defunctorum in renata Societate Iesu ab a. 1814 ad a. 1970 p. Rufo Mendizabal, S.I., collegit
Authors:Rufo Mendizábal, Gesuiti Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu, Gesuiti Curia generalizia

Typed diary by Fr Joseph McSweeney SJ of periods in his life - Chaplain in the R.A.F. (1945-1949), journey to Northern Rhodesia and first impressions (1950), trip to Lourdes, France (July 1970) and Rome, Italy (1975).

Catalogus Defunctorum in renata Societate lesu ab a.1814 ad a.1970

P.Rufo Mendizábal, S.I. collegit

Primum Supplementum ab a. 1970 ad a. 1975

Romae, Apud Curiam P. Gen.-1976

Letter from Father General Pedro Arrupe congratulating Fr John McAvoy SJ on his Golden Jubilee.

Lexicon nominum locorum - Caroli Egger
Officina Libraria Vaticana, [Civitas Vaticana], 1977

Photocopy of an extract from Annali Siculi Della Nuova Provincia, 1810, describing Irish Jesuit scholastics at Palermo in 1810. Photocopy given to Fr Fergal McGrath SJ (Irish Province Archivist until 1986) by Fr Daniel O'Connell SJ, Rome.

Letter from Fr Daniel O'Connell SJ, Rome, Italy to Irish Fr Provincial Paddy Doyle SJ concerning his trip to Ireland.

The Letters of Saint 1625-1681

Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of all Ireland

Edited by Monsignor John Hanly of the Irish College in Rome

Dublin: The Dolmen Press
North America: Humanisties Press Inc.

St. Ignatius College S.J

Letter of congratulation from the Jesuit Curia in Rome on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of Fr Aubrey Gwynn’s entrance into the Society.

Lexicon nominum locorum: Supplementum referens nomina Latina-vulgaria
Officina Libraria Vaticana, Vatican City, 1985

Typed notes compiled by Fr Francis Finegan SJ on the medieval monastery and church of SS Trinit´Scottorum, Rome and Irish saints in Italy.

Catalogus Defunctorum in renata societate lesu (II)
1970-1985

Collegit et edidit

Nicolás R. Verástegui S.J.

Romae - 1986

Catalogus Defunctorum in renata Societate lesu (II)
1970-1985

Collegit et edidit

Nicolás R. Verástegui S.J

Photocopy of a letter from Fr Joseph Dunn SJ, Preston, England to Fr Gaetana Angiolini SJ, Gesu, Italy concerning the Restoration of the Society, and with references to Irish Jesuits in Palermo. In Italian; original document in the Bibliotheca Corsini, Rome (15 July 1815, 3pp) and translation of same made by Fr Fergal McGrath SJ (Irish Province Archivist until 1986) (5pp).

Congregation for the causes of saints Prot. No. 114

Diocese of Dublin
Cause for the Beautification and Canonisation of the Servants of God

Dermot O'Hurley archbishops, and companions, who died in Ireland in defence of the Catholic faith 1579-1654.

Vol. II

Roma 1988

Congregation for the causes of saints Prot. No. 114

Diocese of Dublin
Cause for the Beautification and Canonisation of the Servants of God

Dermot O'Hurley archbishops, and companions, who died in Ireland in defence of the Catholic faith 1579-1654.

Vol. I

Roma 1988

Photocopies of extracts from the booklet 'The Irish College Rome' (The Irish Heritage Series: 64, 1989) showing a map of the college's various locations and a list of Rectors (1628 to the present day). Note: The college was under the control of the Society of Jesus from 1635 - 1773.

Obituary of Fr Edward O'Connor SJ by Fr Des O'Loghlen SJ taken from the 'Zambia - Malawi Province' newsletter, September - October 1993.

The pastoral function of church archives.
The Pontifical Commission for the Cultural Heritage of the Church

Congregation for the causes of saints
Prot. No. 114

Diocese of Dublin

Cause for the Beautification and Canonisation of the Servants of God

Richard Creagh, archbishop, who died in England, and companions who died in Ireland in defence of the Catholic faith 1572-1655.

Vol. I

Roma 1998

Congregation for the causes of saints
Prot. No. 114

Diocese of Dublin

Cause for the Beautification and Canonisation of the Servants of God

Richard Creagh, archbishop, who died in England, and companions who died in Ireland in defence of the Catholic faith 1572-1655.

Vol. II

Roma 1998

Monumenta Anglia III: England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales: Documents (1541-1562).
Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, Rome, 2000.

A guide to Jesuit Archives.

Catalogus Defunctorum in renata Societate lesu (III)
1986-2000

Romae - Curia Praepositi Generalis 2001

Un ritratto di James Joyce.

Photocopy of the foundation document (1628) of the Irish College in Rome taken from ‘Strangers to Citizens: The Irish in Europe 1600 – 1800’ by Mary Ann Lyons & Thomas O'Connor (2008), p.70. Refers to Jesuit involvement in the college, ‘In 1635 the college came under Jesuit control, and students attended classes in the Collegio Romano, also run by the Society of Jesus’.